Literary Criticism Hills Like White Elephants - 1512 Words

Literary Criticism: Hills like White Elephants Author Information: Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, the second of six children, and spent his early years in Oak Park, a suburb of Chicago. Both his mother and father were active members of the First Congregational Church and ran a strict household. All their children were required to abstain from any enjoyment on Sundays, for example, and were strictly punished for any disobedience. Hemingway later condemned them for their distinctly middle-class values and oppressive sense of morality. Summary: ï‚ · In the early 1920s, an American man and a girl, probably nineteen or twenty years old, are waiting at a Spanish railway station for the express train that will take them to Madrid. ï‚ · While indulging in some beers, they sit in the hot shade while discussing what the American man says will be a simple operation for the girl. ï‚ · The tension between the two is almost as sizzling as the heat of the Spanish sun. The man, while urging the girl to have the operation, says again and again that he really doesn t want her to do it, if she really doesn t want to. However, he clearly is insisting that she do so. ï‚ · The girl is trying to be brave and nonchalant but is clearly frightened of committing herself to having the operation. She repeats throughout the story— noting that the hills beyond the train station look like white elephants — hoping that the figure of speech will please theShow MoreRelatedThe Literary Pieces Of Ernest Hemingway, A Great American 20th Century Novelist852 Words   |  4 Pagesmore than what it appears. Metaphors envelop many writers’ literary pieces and can complicate more than what seems obvious to the readers whilst portraying different aspects for literary criticisms. Many authors utilize these poetic tactics to give different perspectives to their written works. Ernest Hemingway, a great American 20th century novelist produced many literature writings, and of his greatest creations Hills like White Elephants emerged in 1920. A short story consisting of what appearsRead MoreLiterary Pieces And Can Complicate More Than What Essay852 Words   |  4 Pagesmore than what it appears. Metaphors envelop many writers’ literary pieces and can complicate more than what seems obvious to the readers whilst portraying different aspects for literary criticisms. Many authors utilize these poetic tactics to give different perspectives to their written works. Ernest Hemmingway, a great American 20th century novelist produced many literature writings, and of his greatest creations Hills like White Elephants emerged in 1920. A short story consisting of what appearsRead More Symbolism in Hills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway1687 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent literary elements and terms are incorporated into the story by the author. Ernest Hemingway frequently uses various literary elements in his writing to entice the reader and enhance each piece that he writes. In Hills Like White Elephants, Hemingway uses symbols to teach the reader certain things that one may encounter during daily life. Symbolism may be defined as relating to, using, or proceeding by means of symbols (Princeton). The use of symbols in Hills Like White Elephants is utterlyRead MoreLife and Death1191 Words   |  5 Pagesserious decision whether they should give birth to the unborn child or abort it. However, sometimes every couple can have a different outlook about giving birth or aborting because every male and female has his or her ways of thinking. In â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† the author, Ernest Hemingway tells a story of an Ameri can man and his girlfriend, Jig, who have a disagreement in the train station on the subject of whether to keep the unborn child or to abort. However, the author uses binary oppositionRead More Hemingways Personal Life and its Influence on his Short Story, Hills Like White Elephants1409 Words   |  6 PagesHemingways Personal Life and its Influence on his Short Story Hills Like White Elephants Hills like White Elephants is not the normal story where you have a beginning, middle and end. Hemingway gave just enough information so that readers could draw their own conclusions. The entire story encompasses a conversation between two lovers and leaves the reader with more questions than answers. Ernest Hemingway was a brilliant writer. People that study Hemingways works try to gain insight andRead MoreHedonism in Hills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway Essay1588 Words   |  7 Pagesnature. The roaring twenties witnessed the uprising of a society that extolled such desire through the creation of a culture solely dedicated to consume. Ernest Hemingway analyses the behavioral patterns of such culture in his short story Hills Like White Elephants, where the concept of Hedonism- fathomed as an egotistical action whose only purpose is to bestow pleasure- and its consequences on the individual is explored. Through the characters dialogue in which they avoid a substantial con versationRead MoreHills Like White Elephants : A Critical Analysis1708 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†: A Critical Analysis Introduction: One of the many themes in his stories for which Ernest Heming way is known, includes feminism. At Hemingway’s time feminism was known as a famous movement and it affected many important writers like Octavia Butler and Virginia Woolf. Hemingway was a literary icon of his time and he was influenced by the political, social and human rights movements of his time. He was also touched by the hopelessness of women and how their thinkingRead More Reader-oriented Theories and Their Application to Ernest Hemingway’s Hills like white elephants2425 Words   |  10 PagesReader-oriented Theories and Their Application to Ernest Hemingway’s Hills like white elephants From the very beginning of the literature people tended to criticize the literary works according to some certain criteria. Some critics claimed that the text itself is important and some other said the author and his style is the thing that should be focused on. Form and content were the other significant elements in the history of the literary criticism. In addition, the social and political influences of theRead MoreAn Inspiration to Young Writers: Ernest Hemingway Essay1979 Words   |  8 PagesThe Trapeze. Contrary to his parent’s belief and hopes, Hemingway did not go to college; instead he took a job at the Kanas City Star as a reporter. Although he grew up in a very strict religious childhood, Hemingway decided to stay away from things like politics and religions (Lost Generation). He believed you had to keep away from these focuses as a writer. Hemingway was considered Catholic because he had to convert to marry his second wife Pauline. However, when he died he didnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t qualify for a traditionalRead MoreAnalysis Of Ernest Hemingway s Hills Like White Elephants And A Clean Well Lighted Place 2195 Words   |  9 Pageshas this uncanny, yet, clear and distinctive writing style, that has made him a successful author and a means of many criticisms. One critic in particular, David M. Wyatt, says that Hemingway has a way of making the beginning of his stories â€Å"raise the very specter of the end against which they are so concerned to defend.† (Wyatt). In his two short stories, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† and â€Å"A Clean-Well Lighted Place, Hemingway draws out this uncanny effect in anticipating the sense of an ending. He

Macbeth, By William Shakespeare - 1366 Words

Prophecies seem like things that are set in stone, a fate that is unavoidable; but most prophecies are true because of the actions of the receiver. Even though Macbeth was given these prophecies by the Witches, it is ultimately his own foolish and reckless actions and doings that cause these events, and eventually, his own downfall. In Shakespeare’s book, â€Å"Macbeth†, our main character Macbeth becomes King but is eventually dethroned by an array of prophecies and people. Through his own brutal actions and faults, he brings this fate upon himself, not the prophecies, as would be suggested. A change in Macbeth is evident from the first time you see him. From Act 1 to Act 2, Macbeth goes through a noticeable change into a more chaotic nature than in the beginning of the story. Macbeth starts out as the humble Thane of Glamis, but when he and his friend Banquo receive a prophecy from three mysterious witches, his curiosity is piqued,for better or worse. â€Å"Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more†(Macbeth,80); from the start, he is intent on learning more and seeing how he can full fill this prophecy, and though it might seem strange to rely on three strange looking sisters, he fully accepts it when he is named Thane of Cawdor, as the prophecy suggests. Almost immediately he sends a letter to his wife, Lady Macbeth, telling her of the news of these witches. Through coercion and some hesitance on behalf of Macbeth, the plan is set in action to kill the king, Duncan. Macbeth showsShow MoreRelatedMacbeth by William Shakespeare770 Words   |  3 PagesThe play Macbeth is written by William Shakespeare. It is believed to be wr itten between 1603 and 1607 and set in eleventh century Scotland. It is also believed to be first performed in 1606. It is considered to be one of the darkest and most powerful tragedies. Macbeth, set in Scotland, dramatizes the psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen to fulfill the ambition of power. The Tragedy of Macbeth is Shakespeare’s shortest tragedy and tells the story of Macbeth, a ScottishRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1425 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Just Can’t Wait To Be King Everyone has a quality that they do not like about themselves. Some people struggle to be social, others may be too controlling of people. The list goes on and on, but the point is that everybody has a particular quality that they must learn to control or else that particular quality can get out of hand. Of course, one could write a list of characters that have major flaws. There is no better example than William Shakespeare’s character, Macbeth, in The TragedyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1409 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air.† On October 17th, I had the pleasure of going to see Macbeth performed at the Shakespeare Tavern. Along with its reputation for being â€Å"cursed,† Macbeth is also known as one of the crown jewels of William Shakespeare’s repertoire. In my opinion, the central concept of this particular retelling of the play was the murkiness of character. Throughout the pla y, the many characters go through fierce temptation and strife, and noneRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1203 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a play based on King James I, it was written by William Shakespeare, however this play isn’t a king and queen fairy tale, but it’s a play about greed and guilt, chaos and murder and three evil witches who use prophecies to influence Macbeth to do bad things, using flattery would instigate his inner ambition to become king, which in the end doesn’t lead to a very happy ending. Shakespeare’s, Macbeth, was written in the early Jacobean period. During those times, women had no power, theyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1243 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, the author portrays the main character Macbeth as a very tortured and flawed individual whose actions only serve to further unravel him. He is conflicted and power hungry, which drives him to perform evil murders and become a ruthless person. Macbeth’s moral compass is not resilient enough to withstand his wife’s manipulations and he is provoked to act on his malicious thoughts of murder. The author explores the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can haveRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesreaction†. Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a tale which illuminates the consequences of violating the â€Å"Natural order†, the hierarchy of beings in the universe. When Macbeth, a warrior wel l-known for his courage and bravery, murders King Duncan acting on his unchecked ambition to claim the throne, the order was disrupted, the result†¦chaos. Shakespeare uses symbolism to illustrate the atmosphere of the play as the natural order is flung into a state of turmoil. These techniques used by Shakespeare is usedRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1483 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent references in the play of how a king deals with power and if they use it for better or for their own personal gain. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s obsession with his journey to power leads to his failure. This obsession is demonstrated through the prophecies, the murder of his best friend Banquo, and his own demise. Macbeth demonstrates that he is incapable of mastering the power and responsibilities of being a king. This is indicated throughout the play with theRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1045 Words   |  5 PagesBlood appears in only two forms, but many times in Macbeth by William Shakespeare; between the war scene at the beginning of the play and the lifting of Macbeth’s severed being lifted by Macduff at the end. It can be said that Macbeth could have been written in blood that there is such a large amount. What is unique about blood in Macbeth is that the â€Å"imaginary blood† or the guilt that the murderer feels plays more of a role of understand and amplifying the theme of the play, that blood is guiltRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1431 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth, though originally a valiant and prudent soldier, deteriorates into an unwise king whose rash decisions conclusively end in the atrophy of his title, power, and position. Several facto rs contribute to the downfall of Macbeth, which produce a contagion effect and ultimately end with his demise. He receives help from his â€Å"inner ambitions and external urgings† which result in his downfall (Bernad 49). The â€Å"external urgings† consist of the weird sisters who disclose his prophecies, which enlightenRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare2060 Words   |  9 Pagesthe green one red Macbeth Quote (Act II, Sc. II). Out, out, brief candle! Life s but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more: it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. Macbeth Quote (Act V, Scene V). These quotes have been taken from play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare. Like these quotes there are hundreds and thousands of such heart touching quotes written by Shakespeare in his many different

Organizational Development and Behaviour Improvement

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Development and Behaviour Improvement. Answer: Introduction Organization Development is a management concept dedicated to improving effectiveness and overall productivity in any organization. It has its roots in behavioral science. It includes a set of interventions that are well chalked out for every stage, it improves the organizational effectiveness of the organization along with welfare and maintenance of employees. Several OD definitions have been presented and the continuing new approaches as well as techniques has blurred all the boundaries of this field of management. OD is focused on improving three aspects of any organizations naming: strategies, design components and processes. It is addressed towards an organization or may be a department, team. OD interventions are applied across all levels in the organization. Organization Development has become of immense significance today, as; any effective organization should be able to meet its requirements today and should be also ready for tomorrow (Alsop Smith, 2016). OD drives adaptabi lity and helps the change smoothen out in the organization. The assignment shall deal with concept of organizational development and behavior as well as common intervention technique used in organization development. When talking about organization development concept, the assignment shall touch upon the concept of organizational climate which is the personality of the organization itself. The assignment shall also discuss Team Development and Group Process Interventions as part of organization development intervention technique. It shall also cover some of the usefulness, success and failure of this technique. The assignment shall cover the concept of organizational climate in context to organizational development and behavior prevalent in present time. Organization Development took its roots from study of human relations back in 1930s. Psychologists slowly had woken up to the influence the organization has on workers and vice versa. They realized that every organizational process and structure within the organization had a great influence on every worker. Thus they understood and derived through extensive study that some of the key concepts of organization development are organization climate (the personality of the organization, the mood which includes the attitude and beliefs of organization which influenced the workers or employees collective behavior), organizational culture (the mission, vision of organization, the deeply seated norms and behavior exhibited by members) and the organization strategies (Yaman et al. 2016) Organization change is the process of progress for the organization towards a better future state whereby its effeciency and productivity is improved. Organizational climate is the carrier of the change. Often the change is resisted owing to various factors but more open the organization is to change the better and smoother the change shall occur. There is lot of difference in approach regarding the concept, dimensions measurement of organization climate among researchers. Over the last three decades, as many questions have been raised as they have been answered. The concept of organizational climate has raised many different other concepts within the field of organizational development as well. All of them are well linked too in terms of comprehensive and systematic manner. For example, organizational climate cannot be distinguished from motivation, satisfaction, attitude, process, structure etc. prevalent in the organization (Wan, 2016). Every organization differs from other not only in terms of structure but most importantly, also in behavior, attitude invoked in people. Such factors are mostly physiological factors. In fact, every individual job responsibilities added to their personalities projects a climate which is of significance both to him and the organization as a whole. Meaning, any change in the organization leads to change in attitude and behavior of individual as well. Kurt Lewin, also known as father of OD gave the ideas of present day OD in mid-thirties. He studied industrial psychology and mentioned, what we refer to today as in Lewins theory; the effects of environmental factors on behavior. He linked the behavior to the environmental structures. He wrote To characterize properly the psychological field, one has to take into account such specific items as particular goals, stimuli, social relations, as well as more general characteristics of the field as the atmosphere or the amount of freedom. These characteristics of the field as a whole are as important in psychology as, for instance, the field of gravity for the explanation of events in classical physics. Psychological atmospheres are empirical realities and are scientifically describable facts (Rhoden, 2016). Even in writings of Shah, Anwar Irani, (2017), he clearly argued that behavior could be interpreted if it was related to behavioral environment. To understand the climate concept, it is necessary to understand some theories which have touched concepts related to climate theory. Some of the theories demonstrate the capability of integrating the climate theory within themselves. In other, it is evident that though they are related in intent but individual in focus. Theory of Individual Behavior Vrooms model (1964) also acknowledges the importance of situational variables. His cognitive theory is based upon a persons choices, valences, instrumentalities and expectancies. His two propositions are: The valence of an outcome to a person is a monotonically increasing function of the algebraic sum of the products of the valences of all other outcomes and his conception of its instrumentality for the attainment of these other outcomes. The force on a person to perform an act is a monotonically increasing function of the algebraic sum of the products of the valence of all outcomes and the strength of his expectancies that the act will be followed by the attainment of these outcomes (Biggs, Swailes, Baker, 2016). Management Theory Various organization theorists interested in management process described the indirect and easy to miss effects of management practices on the attitude and response nature of junior employees. Thomsen, Karsten Oort, (2016), used the term organization culture in their managerial grid. He pointed out the change which happens in the outlook of the manager on seeing that his responsibility in also managing the culture apart from managing just his people to get results from them. He then is unable to separate the unit of development as just an individual. There was a shortcoming to this though, they did not explain what this meant for people. Also, it is difficult to gauge how the manager would connect the organizational elements with individual elements to carry out his duty? Organizational Theory - Large organization is loose organization. Nay, it would be almost as true to say that organization is always disorganization (Chumg et al. 2016). This theory views organizations as systems for making decisions and deal with them in tandem to climate. This theory mostly concentrates of organizational structure. De Vries Van der Poll, (2016), distinguish eight such dimensions for structure. They explain situational influence on behavior. They are: Likert in his theory (1967) mentions the above as climate variables. He states: The intervening variables reflect the material state and the health of the organization e.g. the loyalties, attitudes, motivations, performance goal, and perceptions of all members and their collective capacity for effective interaction, communication, and decision making. The structural variables were considered as causal variables and the end results such as productivity, costs, profits etc., as dependent variables. As is clear, Likert considers climate as the link between structural attribute as the effectiveness of the organization. Lee, Tui, Sharif, 2016). after conducting an experiment proved that (a) if the climate was innovative, the performance was more predictable (b) if climate was more consistent, the performance was higher and (c) different climate meant that different methods to solve problems would be sought out. According to Drake Pritchard, (2016), climate was The term organization climate refers to a set of measurable properties or work environment, perceived directly or indirectly by the people who live and work in this environment and assumed to influence their motivation and behaviour. Their model for organizational climate is considered groundbreaking research in this field. Bergmann et al. (2016), explained that organizational climate refers to collective quality of the individuals of the organization. It simply meant values or the meanings of a set of characteristics of the environment. Thus, the climate represents the organization as people seek it in a holistic and global sense. In addition to this it also explained it as a set of attributes specific to an organization that may be deciphered from the way that organization deals with its members and its environment. For members within the organization, climate meant set of attitudes and expectancies that rendered an organization both static and dynamic characteristics. Thus, it is safe to say that organizations are different owing to different behaviors that are induced. Since management defines the climate in an organization, changes in organizations and behaviors in them are significant. Autocratic, custodial and supportive. In autocratic climate, manager is the sole authority. Management thinks it knows best and employees should follow all orders. In such an environment, employee orientation(expected) is obedience. Employees are dependent on boss; their met needs are subsistence. Hence, the employee performance is met at minimum level as well. In custodial climate, everything is dependent on money. In this climate, met needs of employees are reasonable. Employee performance is never actualized but they may be happy. It is a flawed climate. In supportive model, the management provides a suitable environment to the employees to grow and reach their capability. Employees remain motivated and they tend to participate and involve themselves in interest of the organization (Ille, Risso Sanchez Carrera, 2017). Campbell and other theorists identified the following four dimensions of organizational climate: 1. Individual autonomy based on factors of individual responsibility, independence, rules, orientation, and opportunities for existing individual initiative. 2. The degree of structure imposed upon the position - based on factors of structure, managerial structure and closeness of supervision. 3. Reward orientation - based on factors of reward, general satisfaction, promotion, achievement orientation, and being profit minded and sales oriented. 4. Consideration, warmth and support - based on factors of managerial support, nurturance of subordinates and warmth and support (Taylor, 2016).Company climate and productivity Five aspects of organizational climate affect productivity. They were employee welfare concern, skill development, reflexivity, innovation and flexibility performance feedback. (Hall, 2017). Only companies which were productive were the ones which lay emphasis on the above. Thus, it is clear by now that diffused pattern of studies and the research results all point m ore or less towards the same thing that climate mainly consists of the aspects of social environment that are consciously perceived by members of the organization. The essential task of management is creating opportunities, releasing potential, removing obstacles, encouraging growth, and providing guidance. To improve performance, the route is improving work climate. Work climate affects work behavior and workers. A positive work environment is one in which creative, productive work thrives. There is simply no space for negative emotions and thoughts. A good work climate paves the path to motivation in employees, who; would then put in extra effort and with improved capabilities will provide improved job results. A work climate is created by the organizational factors. They could be history of the organization its founding, successes, reputation and story of setbacks as well as turnarounds. Another reason could be the culture itself. As described by Alsop Smith, (2016), culture refers to the deep structure of organizations, referring to shared values, work values, traditions and even assumptions and beliefs. Management strategy and structure also lends the climate in the organization a flavor. The growth and job opportunities, roles and responsibilities along with their descriptions, appraisal and reward policies etc. The external environment also could affect the climate of the organization by its broader context of policies, regulations, politics, social barriers etc. Finally, the most crucial factor contributing to the climate of the organization- the manager himself. His competencies and temperament in team handling. Managers competencies and practices have the most influence in a groups work climate. The same climate could lead the managers to improved team performance and effectiveness (Wan, 2016). Rhoden (2016) mentioned that the organization development was a planned effort and that it flows from top down which ensures the success of the entire effort of bringing about efficiency and productivity, all of this using knowledge rooted in behavioural science. Organization Development is a long- term effort, led and supported by top management, to improve an organizations visioning, empowerment, learning, and problem-solving processes, through an ongoing, collaborative management of organization culture. It pays special emphasis on the culture of intact work teams and other team configurations by using the consultant facilitator role and the theory technology of applied behavioural science, including action research. Organization Development is set of planned activities followed by all members of the organization. The most critical three components of all Organization Development programs are: Diagnosis, Intervention and Program Management. Organizational interventions are sets of structured activities targeted to a group, mostly teams or departments, who engage in them with the overall goal of organizational improvement. These structured activities are only doctored to the organization by experienced consultants. Sometimes the consultant s use just one intervention techniques sometimes multiple in combination simultaneously. Organization Development intervention techniques may be applied on large systems (example organizations), group (department) or individual. OD intervention techniques could be interventions segregated to systemic, people or process centric. Systemic interventions are the interventions followed to bring about a change in systems being followed to prepare the entity for a better future with the desired incorporated changes. People interventions are to enhance people productivity. Process interventions improve a present process in terms of quality, time and cost. There are fourteen types of organizational development interventions. Some majorly used ones are-diagnostic activities, team-building activities, intergroup activities, survey feedback activities and education training activities and structural activities among few (Wan, 2016). Diagnostic Activities: As the word diagnosis implies, it is about finding causes. To find out the exact way things function in the environment. Methods ranging from building collages to present a persons position in the organization to more traditional methods which could include surveys, interviews, face to face interactions etc. Team-Building Activities: This affects the way the team bonds to function. Activities could be task oriented to diagnose how information moves, roles change, check interdependency etc. Such activities also diagnose the relationship between the leader and subordinates and finds out how functional or amazing it may be. All of this conducted keeping into consideration the possibility of presence of varied teams such as temporary task teams, a formal team or even a cross-functional team. Intergroup Activities: Such activities focus on improving the effectiveness amongst intergroups or groups which are interdependent on each other. Every activity and its resultant is gauged in terms of joint effort. In case of presence of two groups, it could be referred as inter groups and in case, there are more, it is referred to as organizational mirroring. Survey Feedback Activities: Such activities are focussed towards finding out the facts from the survey responses. Based on the facts found, necessary plan of action is prepared. Education and training activities: Such activities are put in place to improve the KSA levels or knowledge, skills and abilities of individuals. Many permutations and combinations to carry out such activities are possible. The activities may be directed toward gaining technical knowledge or skills which specifically could be useful in better task performance or simply improvement of competence. The activities may be around issues pertaining to leadership or functions or responsibilities of members in group. Such as- decision making, problem solving, goal setting, planning etc. Structural Activities: These are relevant to improving the technical or structural inputs as well as obstructions which may be affecting an individual or the group itself. The activities may take the form of The assignment is focused to discuss team building activities as intervention. Team development and group processes interventions aim at improving different aspects of a group performance, such as goal setting, development of interpersonal relations among team members, role clarification and analysis, decision making, problem solving, and communities of practice, among other. One of the most important objective of team building interventions relies on improving interdependency of team members. The underlying premise is that the aggregated value of the team is much greater than any individual. According to Drake Pritchard, (2016), team building is applicable where group activities are interdependent. The objective is to improve the coordination efforts of members, which will resu lt in increasing the teams performance. Team Building activities are customized and rolled out to enhance the ways the teams function. They focus solely on task-related issues like relationship between team member, their leader and team itself, skills and resources required, effectiveness of teams etc. "Teamwork doesn't happen automatically, and it doesn't result just from the exhortations of a single leader. It results from members paying attention to how they are working together, issues that block teamwork and working them through, and consciously developing patterns of working together that all members find challenging and satisfying (Taylor, 2016). Teams often get road blocked on its path of performance owing mostly to group dynamics. It lowers their morale, motivation, enthusiasm, productivity as well as satisfaction from job. Group process facilitation then comes handy. During a team meeting, group change activities, insight oriented activities and experiential activities are usually use by a specialist, an OD consultant, to make the team members aware of their own unique styles when communicating, collaborating, in groups and in conflict resolution. Members develop increased sensitivity towards each others styles and develop understanding of their own team members. This brings about cohesiveness within the group as well as coordination to work towards a common objective. Individuals develop greater self-awareness and the group quality changes for the better. The idea of team building is identification of challenges in performance in a task as well as find solution to eliminate them. Always a new challenge comes up during suc h activities. It is a proven technique by which members of an organizational group find out how they work together and accordingly, plan changes that will improve their overall effectiveness. Team building exercises attempt to improve effectiveness of teams by allowing the members to concentrate on setting goals or priorities for organizational groups, by also analyzing or allocating the way the work is performed, by examining the way the group is functioning, and last but not the least by also examining the relationships among the people in the team doing the work. Thus, the chief objective of team building is to help the group members in examining their own behaviour and developing plan of action that would foster task achievement. Sharing emotions in a group may be effective however, too much sharing of emotions could be destructive and unproductive as well. It could lead to further conflicts that groups tend to avoid such groups often known as T-groups did not work well in organizations as because they gave rise to emotional conflict instead of task conflicts. This further led to non-cooperation among team members and loss of coordination, hence, losing out on task goals. Team members blocked the performance of other by deliberately blocking work, keeping task at hand longer than needed, trust and freedom of expression was lost owing to intolerance. Conclusion To conclude the assignment, organizational development came across as a thorough process very much relevant to todays age. The concepts born in mid-thirties still hold handy. The process comes into play on identification of a problem by the organization which recognizes presence of an issue that needs to be checked or to prepare for the future new organization with revamped values among its workforce. A plan of action is important to start the process of change in organization behaviour and that change must come in the climate of the organization itself. The organization climate is the carrier of the organization towards the planned change. It is the actual environment where the changes planned are implemented. Implementation occurs via various interventions amongst which team building interventions are crucial. In an environment of change it is easy for the team to lose track of why it was created. It may become confused to what its line of action should be in the changing environme nt. Specialists or OD consultants then come in play and correct their behaviour through team activities, group meetings etc. which make them self-aware and shed light also on the group behaviour by use of effective techniques. Reference List Alsop, M., Smith, G. (2016).A Field Guide for Organisation Development: Taking Theory Into Practice. Routledge. Bergmann, A., Grossi, G., Rauskala, I., Fuchs, S. (2016). Consolidation in the public sector: methods and approaches in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries.International Review of Administrative Sciences,82(4), 763-783. Biggs, D. M., Swailes, S., Baker, S. (2016). The measurement of worker relations: the development of a three-component scale.Leadership Organization Development Journal,37(1), 2-12. Chumg, H. F., Seaton, J., Cooke, L., Ding, W. Y. (2016). Factors affecting employees' knowledge-sharing behaviour in the virtual organisation from the perspectives of well-being and organisational behaviour.Computers in Human Behavior,64, 432-448. De Vries, H., Van der Poll, H. M. (2016). The influence of Lean thinking on organisational structure and behaviour in the discrete manufacturing industry.Journal of Contemporary Management,13(1), 55-89. Drake, D., Pritchard, J. (2016). Coaching for Organisation Development.The SAGE Handbook of Coaching, 159. Hall, M. (2017). Crafting Compromises in a Strategising Process: A Case Study of an International Development Organisation.Financial Accountability Management,33(2), 171-191. Ille, S., Risso, A., Sanchez Carrera, E. J. (2017). Democratization and inequality: Empirical evidence for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries.Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 0263774X16684521. Lee, K. L., Tui, L. G., Sharif, S. P. (2016). Organisational Context and Citizenship Behaviour: Exploring the Moderating Effects of Role Ambiguity.Jurnal Pengurusan (UKM Journal of Management),47. Rhoden, M. (2016).Construction Management and Organisational Behaviour. John Wiley Sons. Shah, N., Anwar, S., Irani, Z. (2017). The impact of organisational justice on ethical behaviour.International Journal of Business Innovation and Research,12(2), 240-258. Taylor, I. (2016). Why we need a world development organisation.Malaysian Journal of International Relations,3(3). Thomsen, M., Karsten, S., Oort, F. J. (2016). Distance in schools: the influence of psychological and structural distance from management on teachers trust in management, organisational commitment, and organisational citizenship behaviour.School Effectiveness and School Improvement,27(4), 594-612. Wan, H. L. (2016). Organisational Citizenship Behaviour for Organisational Sustainability. InOrganisational Justice and Citizenship Behaviour in Malaysia(pp. 125-152). Springer Singapore. Yaman, S. G., Fagerholm, F., Munezero, M., Mnch, J., Aaltola, M., Palmu, C., Mnnist, T. (2016). Transitioning Towards Continuous Experimentation in a Large Software Product and Service Development OrganisationA Case Study. InProduct-Focused Software Process Improvement: 17th International Conference, PROFES 2016, Trondheim, Norway, November 22-24, 2016, Proceedings 17(pp. 344-359). Springer International Publishing.

Internet censorship in Saudi Arabia

Introduction Saudi Arabia leads other Arab countries in internet censorship by blocking website content from pornography, politics, entertainment, humor and religion among others (Black 203). Internet is heavily censored using â€Å"sophisticated† filtering system run by Internet Services Unit (ISU) that is based at the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology in Riyadh.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Internet censorship in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Western country companies such as Secure Computing and Webscenes, which come from countries that do not censor internet, mainly provide the software for internet filtering. The idea is to block â€Å"immoral† websites to protect the society, but Stein says that this apparently sophisticated filtering system is quite easy to dodge by using proxy servers. This censorship came into effect in 2001 after the Council of Mini sters passed resolution banning internet users within the country from publishing or accessing certain materials on the internet. The censorship is charged to the ISU, which, manage the high-speed data links connecting the country to the rest of the world (Global Internet Freedom Consortium 6). The users in the country subscribe to local service providers who in turn get this connection from the ISU approved central proxy servers. What happens when a user requests a URL address that is blacklisted in the country is that, he/she is directed to a page informing him categorically that access to the page requested is denied, and the government-filtering regime is explained and the reasoning behind it? It also gives a chance to the user to request that some sites be blocked or unblocked (Boler 113). This paper will discuss what different writers think about internet censorship in Saudi Arabia and what people in this country respond to the filtering. This topic is appealing to me in that internet use has revolutionalised the world with information at the fingertips and communication has become extremely easy and efficient. My interest is in understanding internet censorship and the rationalization behind it and the implication to freedom of speech. My assumption is that internet use in Saud Arabia is only restricted in matters of pornography. The research question is to establish the scope of internet filtering in Saudi Arabia. Scope of censorship Jonathan Zittrain discusses the scope of internet censorship in Saudi Arabia and Benjamin Edelman, professors at Harvard Law School, in their report ‘Documentation of Internet Filtering in Saudi Arabia’ published in 2004 by the Harvard Law School.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The report discusses the results of a survey carried out by the Harvard Law School to empirically, determine the s cope and invasiveness of internet filtering in Saudi Arabia by attempting to access around 60,000 web pages on different topics that have been prelisted (Zittran and Edelman 341). The authors found out that, 2,038 pages in their list are blocked and covers topics that include religion, health, education, reference, humor and entertainment. The authors contend that their list of blocked pages in the country is not a perfect representation of content blocked and, therefore, drawing a clear conclusion about the Saudi blocking system is not possible. Zittrain and Edelman say that internet filtering is done by the ISU, a government outfit that implements internet filtering as outlined by the 2001 Council of Ministers Resolution. Local internet service providers connect to the international internet through a Central array of proxy servers, which are under ISU. If a user, requests a blocked page, the ISU administrative web informs him that access is denied on that page, and reasons for do ing this are stated. These are based on Qur’an stipulation of preserving Islamic values by filtering, materials that contradict to Islamic beliefs and culture. In addition to sexually explicit material, ISU web list other prohibited material on drugs, bombs, alcohol, gambling and material that insults Islam religion and Saudi Arabia laws and regulations. Apart from sexually explicit material, the authors say that blocked materials are blocked on the direction of the security bodies in the country. Among the 2038 blocked pages the authors established, 246 of them were on religion, 31 on health and specifically on drugs and abortion, 81 on humor, 251 on entertainment that is music and movies, 13 related to the gay community and 28 relating to swim suits, lingerie, modeling and other non pornographic human images. Other pages blocked were on Middle East politics, organizations, or groups, those containing hostile coverage of Saudi Arabia (Boler 98). In addition, services on circ umventing filtering restrictions, sites on information concerning women, some education and reference materials and of course pornography. This source was able to answer my question on the scope of filtering and the stakeholders involved. In addition, the materials blocked that are not only about pornography and religion but also a wide array of materials on some topics that are helpful to a society. The question that remains is how Saudis think of this and whether there ways of circumventing this filtering. Jennifer Lee, reported in The New York Times, in her article Companies Compete to Provide Saudi Internet Veil† published in November 19, 2003. She discusses the scope of internet censorship in Saudi Arabia. Lee reports of the competition by US companies to provide Saudi Arabia with software that blocks access to websites, which the government deems inappropriate for its users.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Internet censorship in Saudi Arab ia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She quotes several software companies response to the war to win Saudi Arabia censor contract. She says that Saudi Arabia block pornographic sites that are making powerful business in uncensored countries around the world. Others that are blocked are those security agencies feel are sensitive for political or religious reasons. Once, the government buys the software, it customizes it completely. The company providing it has no control over how it is used. Lee continues to say that Saudi Arabia is the most active user of censorship among the Muslim countries where it uses a Royal decree to channel all public internet traffic to and from the country through a single control center, ISU. Among the blocked website are Committee for Defense of Human Rights in the Arabian Peninsula and the Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia. Those sites, which provide the history of the country and with mild political connotations, are blocked. The people of Saudi Arabia respond to internet filtering by dialing up foreign internet service providers, use websites that hide the user’s identity or circumvent the filtering by using pseudo names in websites that are also circumventing the filtering system. It is no wonder that together with Egypt the country has the highest number of blogger many of them women using pseudo names. Lee reports that an official, Dr. Hajery, says that some Saudis are instrumental in the blockage of sites by reporting them to the ISU. He says that his staff receives around 500 suggestions a day and around 100 requests a day to remove from the black list for wrong characterization but in many cases, this is not granted, as there is no mechanism for compelling the government to do so (Stein 118). This article has shed light on my assumption that human rights groups’ sites are blocked and Saudis are not allowed to engage on political debates online since these b logs are blocked. The article further proves that the country deeply censors its internet and media in general for society’s sake yes but also for political reasons. The question that arises is whether keeping people ignorant is helpful to the society in the sense â€Å"what you do not know will not hurt you† or simply it is a selfish way of controlling people opinions by the government. Lee articulates most of the things outlined by Zittrain and Edelman. Conclusion The authors of the sources above are trying to establish the scope of internet censorship in Saudi Arabia. They agree that internet filtering to block pornographic sites and politically charged websites is suitable for a society and national security. However, what has been implemented by Saudi Arabia clearly goes beyond the need to protect society from sexual exploitation and security interests (Stein 217). The contentious issue here is that Saudi Arabia is curtailing the freedom of speech among its popula tion and wants its population to remain ignorant which goes against human rights, which are universal.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ordinary Saudis think that their government is protecting their social and cultural values, and from insecurity, that is why they report sites for blocking while many others still to access the blocked sites and contribute views through pseudo names. What the Saudis do not consider is that the government is curtailing their freedom of speech and information. What the stakeholders here have in common is protecting their won interests (Lee 59). The government wants no dissent from the people, while the companies want to make money from their software, and the difference is in their values. My assumption have now been proven that indeed internet censorship is deep in Saud Arabia, and goes beyond protecting society values to violation of human rights. Now that, I have established the scope of internet censorship, the question is whether this has been effective and how effective that is. Reference List Black, Ian. â€Å"Saudia Arabia leads Arab regimes in internet censorship.† The Guardian 30 June 2010: 2. Boler, Megan. Digital Media and democracy: tactics in hard times. USA: MIT Press, 2008. Global Internet Freedom Consortium. Defeat internet censorship: overview of advanced  technologies and products. White Paper. USA: Global Internet Freedom Consortium, 2007. Lee, Jennifer. â€Å"Companies Compete to provide Saudi internet veil.† The New York  Times 19 November 2003: 1A. Stein, Sam. â€Å"Rick Scott tied to internet censorship in Iran and Saudi Arabia.† Huffington  Post 12 May 2009: 3. Zittrain, Jonathan and Edelman, Benjamin. Documantation of internet filtering in Saudi  Arabia. Survey Report. USA: Havard Law School, 2004. This research paper on Internet censorship in Saudi Arabia was written and submitted by user Amare Morrison to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Multi-threading in C# With Tasks

Multi-threading in C# With Tasks The computer programming term thread is short for  thread  of execution, in which a processor follows a specified path through your code. The concept of following more than one thread at a time introduces the subject of multi-tasking and multi-threading. An application has one or more processes in it. Think of a process as a program running on your computer. Now each process has one or more threads. A game application might have a thread to load resources from disk, another to do AI, and another to run the game as a server. In .NET/Windows,  the operating system allocates processor time to a thread. Each thread keeps track of exception handlers and the priority at which it runs, and it has somewhere to save the thread context until it runs. Thread context is the information that the thread needs to resume. Multi-Tasking With Threads Threads take up a bit of memory and creating them takes a little time, so usually, you dont want to use many. Remember, they compete for processor time. If your computer has multiple CPUs, then Windows or .NET might run each thread on a different CPU, but if several threads run on the same CPU, then only one can be active at a time and switching threads takes time. The CPU runs a thread for a few million instructions, and then it switches to another thread. All of the CPU registers, current program execution point and stack have to be saved somewhere for the first thread and then restored from somewhere else for the next thread. Creating a Thread In the namespace System.Threading, youll find the thread type. The constructor thread  (ThreadStart) creates an instance of a thread. However, in recent C# code, its more likely to pass in a lambda expression that calls the method with any parameters. If youre unsure about lambda expressions, it might be worth checking out LINQ. Here is an example of a thread that is created and started: using System; using System.Threading;namespace ex1{class Program{public static void Write1(){Console.Write(1) ;Thread.Sleep(500) ;}static void Main(string[] args){var task new Thread(Write1) ;task.Start() ;for (var i 0; i 10; i){Console.Write(0) ;Console.Write (task.IsAlive ? A : D) ;Thread.Sleep(150) ;}Console.ReadKey() ;}}} All this example does is write 1 to the console. The main thread writes a 0 to the console 10 times, each time followed by an A or D depending on whether the other thread is still Alive or Dead. The other thread only runs once and writes a 1. After the half-second delay in the Write1() thread, the thread finishes, and the Task.IsAlive in the main loop now returns D. Thread Pool and Task Parallel Library Instead of creating your own thread, unless you really need to do it, make use of a Thread Pool. From .NET 4.0, we have access to the Task Parallel Library (TPL). As  in the previous example, again we need a bit of LINQ, and yes, its all lambda expressions. Tasks uses the Thread Pool behind the scenes  but make  better use of the threads depending on the number in use. The main object in the TPL is a Task. This is a class that represents an asynchronous operation. The commonest way to start things running is with the Task.Factory.StartNew as in: Task.Factory.StartNew(() DoSomething()); Where DoSomething() is the method that is run. Its possible to create a task and not have it run immediately. In that case, just use Task like this: var t new Task(() Console.WriteLine(Hello));...t.Start(); That doesnt start the thread until the .Start() is called. In the example below, are five tasks. using System;using System.Threading;using System.Threading.Tasks;namespace ex1{class Program{public static void Write1(int i){Console.Write(i) ;Thread.Sleep(50) ;}static void Main(string[] args){for (var i 0; i 5; i){var value i;var runningTask Task.Factory.StartNew(()Write1(value)) ;}Console.ReadKey() ;}}} Run that and you  get the digits 0 through 4 output in some random order such as 03214. Thats because the order of task execution is determined by .NET. You might be wondering why the var value i is needed. Try removing it and calling Write(i), and youll see something unexpected like 55555. Why is this? Its because the task shows the value of i at the time that the task is executed, not when the task was created. By creating a new variable each time in the loop, each of the five values is correctly stored and picked up.

Behavior Modification Essay Example

Behavior Modification Essay Example Behavior Modification Essay Behavior Modification Essay Behavior Modification BY db80 Exercising Behavior Modification Part 1: Identify Target Behavior (2 pt) a. What behavior are you going to attempt to modify? Target Behavior:_Amount of exercise each day. Part 2: Baseline (14 pts Total) Create a spreadsheet (i. e. table in excel) to document your baseline target behavior. Spreadsheet should include the following items: a. When does the behavior (remember thoughts are behavior) occur (time of day? day of week? weekends vs weekdays? )? (2 pts) See page 9. b. When the behavior occurs, how long does it endure? (2 pts) See page 9. c. How intense is the behavior (e. g. re you sprinting or Jogging when running)? (2 pts) This category was not always applicable for my observation because many times my behavior was exhibited in thoughts. These thoughts did not have an intensity; therefore, I only recorded intensity during my work out. d. Frequency of the behavior: Is the behavior occurring per hour, per day, per week, per year (select the single most meaningful period of time). (2 pts) I left this part of my spreadsheet blank because my goal was to have the behavior occur more often every week and since it occurred multiple times a day I chose to leave it blank to make the spreadsheet asier to understand. . Where does the behavior occur? (2 pts) f. What was present or occurring 5-10 minutes prior to the behavior? (2 pts) See page 9. g. What was present or occurring within 2-3 minutes after the behavior? (2 pts) See page 9. Part 3: Functional Assessment (19 pts Total) While monitoring the baseline of your target behavior, reflect on the following questions. a. What is the pattern that the behavior displays? (3 pts) The behavior happens more often when I am looking at Instagram. My Instagram contains pictures of fitness and fashion models who strictly control their diet and exercise. It seems that the majority of times I engage in looking at my Instagram, I feel guilty or unsatisfied with my body. I think about fitness soon after I wake up and near the time I am getting ready to sleep. b. Does the location of the behavior have any meaning or purpose? Is the behavior only at home? at school? in the presence of particular persons or objects? )? (3 pts) The behavior happens most frequently at home. The presence of particular persons does not seem to have any affect. c. Is there anything significant about what or who was present around the time of the behavior? 3 pts) The behavior happens when I am reminded of working out. This occurred when I passed the gym and when I see pictures or videos on my phone of people training. d. Describe in very specific behavioral terms what ONE instance of the behavior looks like. Describe it so an actor could display the exact behavior. Relate what was said as well as what was done and with what. Even seemingly insignificant actions could provide a clue for moderating the behavior. (10 pts) One instance when the behavior occurs is when I sit down in class before the class starts. I choose a seat, set all my materials on my desk and then take out my phone to pass the time. I first start browsing through Instagram and track some of the fitness models fitness progress through their photos. I am fully invested in the pictures and do not pay attention to what is going on around me. I start to compare myself to the fitness models I see in the photos and begin to doubt my ability to change my body. The more I look, the guiltier and unsatisfied I feel. I then convince myself that there is no point in living a life so filled with restrictions and turn off my phone. Part 4: Intervention (32 pts Total) Identify potential interventions and select one or several that match the target behavior. . Identify and explain category of target behavior: (2 pts) My target behavior falls in the category of increasing or strengthening an existing behavior. I am already very familiar with exercising and used to be a competitive tennis player who trained six to seven days a week. When I stopped playing tennis competitively, I stopped training. In order to increase my exercise I will need to positively reinforce myself whenever I exercise. reinforcers are positive reinforcers. These will include both social reinforcement and automatic reinforcement. My social reinforcement will be praise that I receive from riends and family. My automatic reinforcement will be how good I feel when I see progress (Miltenberger, 2012). c. Specify the conditions under which reinforcement can be earned: (3 pts) I will earn my social reinforcement when I show my progress pictures to my family and friends every week, it will also come from my trainer when I attend group workouts. My automatic reinforcement will be when I step on the scale or finish a work out. . Apply intervention. Persist with intervention for a minimum of two weeks. e. Create another spreadsheet and continue to collect data throughout the two weeks(10 pts) See page 10. a. When does the behavior (remember thoughts are behavior) occur (time of day? day of week? weekends vs weekdays? )? (2 pts) See page 10. b. When the behavior occurs, how long does it endure? (2 pts) See page 10. my behavior was exhibited in tho ughts. These thoughts did not have an intensity, therefore I only recorded intensity during my work out. d. Frequency of the behavior: Is the behavior occurring per hour, per day, per week, per year (select the single most meaningful period of time). (2 pts) I left this part of my spreadsheet blank because my goal was to have the behavior occur more often every week and since it occurred ultiple times a day I chose to leave it blank to make the spreadsheet easier to understand. e. Where does the behavior occur? (2 pts) See page 10. 10. page 10. Part 5: Evaluating the Intervention (18 pts) a. Graph the baseline and results from intervention. Include 2 graphs. Each graph should include your baseline data and your intervention data. (8 pts) See page 1 1 and 12. b. Evaluate the results and reach conclusions. In each case, elaborate on the elements that worked well and those that did not. Evaluate the stages of the project and identify what was learned about changing the behavior that would be helpful if ou were going to do this project again. (10 pts) The intervention was successful as shown by both spreadsheets and both graphs. The baseline study shows that I spent a large majority of my time thinking about exercising without actually exercising. This seemed to be tied into my continuous following of fitness models on Instagram. The more I looked at the success stories of these women, the more inadequate I felt. I chose to employ positive social reinforcement because it is a strong motivator for me. I knew that self-management would be an issue for me because I tend to strive for eason I chose to have positive social reinforcement, if it is controlled by a person other than me, I am more likely to complete the task to gain the reward. During the intervention, I Joined a group work out that consisted of women who work with my boyfriend. I wanted to give myself the added pressure of the women knowing my boyfriend to help me stay committed to attending the group. The first week of the intervention the graph shows that the second half of the week my exercise time drastically increases. These results coincide with when I start my group sessions. The praise from my partners and my trainer encouraged me to try other forms of exercise on my own. I had the added reinforcement of later being able to tell my trainer that I trained on my own and again receive praise. The spreadsheet for my week one and two of intervention also so a decrease in the amount of time I spend looking at Instagram. I believe that my more positive attitude due to the workouts translated in me wanting to compare myself to radical fitness competitors. However, I did fail to stay committed to keeping progress pictures. This prevented me from receiving the additional reinforcement of self- atisfaction through progress. This failure did not stop me from feeling as if I made progress with my physical fitness. I also ended up relying on my boyfriend for a lot of reinforcement. I asked him how I look and if he sees progress, on an almost daily basis. I did not account for scheduling difficulties and feel that if I had, my intervention would have shown even stronger results. The holidays and family celebrations made training and eating a healthy meal extremely difficult. I also learned that it would have been helpful to document when I had thoughts of how I look and whether those houghts are positive or negative. Another element that I would add if I were to do the project again, is to be more aware of my activity on Instagram. The charts and spreadsheets show a relationship between my body image and the amount of time spent on the social media application. References Beck-Ellsworth, D. (2013). Behavior Modification [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from University of California, San Diego Psyc 154 FA13 Blackboard site. Miltenberger, R. G. (2012). Behavior modification: principles and procedures (5th Ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Characteristics of effective teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Characteristics of effective teams - Essay Example time limit needs to be considered, the group climate needs to be known, and finally the group setting needs to be known that is which type of setting the group is working on (Johnson and Johnson, 2010). Decision by Minority: It is effective when not possible for other members to meet and it is ineffective when group resources are not utilized. Group resources can include the skills and talents possessed by group members. Since various skills are required at the time of decision making, I apply me service specialist skills and my group members apply the skills of tackling with customers easily. Voting decisions are taken when many options seem suitable for implementing it in the customer services plan. Managing time is very important while making decisions in groups. Once an immediate decision was required in sending the customer request to the top management, the majority of the members decided that it should be dealt at the lower level instead of passing it to the top. Immediate actions and decisions were taken to resolve the matter successfully. Usually I being the senior service specialist have more experience in dealing with insurance related matters of customers and can answer their queries without much difficulty. It usually happens that in such cases I am referred to deal with the customer without any issues by the other group members. After the voting and the consensus methods that are applied related to the implementation of the policies for customer services, it becomes important for all three members of my group to be well versed with the decision taken so that while communicating ahead to customers the process becomes easier. Gathering the views of the entire group allows different angles and perspectives to be understood and allows in selecting the best decision possible. For customer services, it is important that the best decisions be taken so as to retain them for the future. Since my group is involved with customer issues and services of

Leadership Skill-Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership Skill-Building - Essay Example is to see the creation of a contemporary platform that makes goods and services of enhanced quality closer to the global community towards the resolving and bringing of harmony as the work environment is accommodative to the different cultural and religious aspects that in various parts of the world. Initialize a platform for the training of future leaders so as to enhance the eradication of inclination to government subsidies and adherence to the paralegal duties that leaders should be well versed of. In accordance to DuBrin’s explanation concerning the achieving hypothetical heights of superior leadership, it is important to possess key values such as core-self evaluation since as a leader, the society is dynamic in every aspect and hence conducting a personal audit concerning the personality traits that air to the people you are in service for is key. Being trustworthy cannot be further explained neither can it be buried to be overlooked. The effectiveness of leader is gauged upon his/her intentions and motives towards the realization of previously set goals. Being in a leadership position is a daunting task and conducting issues in an unethical manner signs the first signature to the collapse of the leadership strategy and pillars of good leadership. I therefore would strive to conduct all in an ethical and lawful manner that does not oppress anyone in the

Theories of Motivation Essay Example for Free

Theories of Motivation Essay How do these theories of motivation compare and contrast with ideas you read about management in Unit 1 or in MDA 3, e.g., how do they relate to Fordist and Taylorist approaches? Do they relate to these approaches? McGregor management theory involves the idea that there are two types of managers Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X managers assumes that the average human being has an inherit dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. Theory Y managers assumes employees can exercise self-direction, accept responsibility and consider work to be as natural as rest or play. I would consider that Taylor theories fall under theory X. Taylor’s belief that there is no question that the tendency of the average man is toward working slow that soldiering was a result of natural instinct and the value he placed on monetary motivation seems to conform to McGregors Theory X. However Taylor’s theory differs from Theory X in its belief that workers are not fulfilled solely with monetary rewards. With Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory it classifies the factors needed to motivate people into two categories: hygiene factors and motivating factors, Herzbergs motivators idea corresponds with Maslows Esteem and Self-Actualization needs i.e. they both have the same criteria (recognition, growth, achievement etc).Both theories are influenced by environmental conditions, employee attitudes and as a result, their motivation. But Maslow says that each stage of the 5 must be fully or largely completed before advancing to the next stage however, Herzberg suggested that there were only 2 stages (hygiene and motivators) i nstead of 5. How do the ideas in the reading help you to think about your own management style and ways to manage people in your team or work group? Having reviewed the different theories it is easy to see that there are many different ways to motivate staff. I think motivation is important because even at the most basic level, it costs more to replace staff than to keep them. I also see that I need to use different styles of motivation depending on the member of staff I am dealing with. Staff liked to feel needed and respected and keeping them happy means theyll stay with you for much longer. Using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs I try to prioritize the needs of employees as a  person will want certain needs to be satisfied before others. The hierarchy of needs will help determine whats motivating an employee, and what needs to be addressed. Looking at Herzberg, I think a lot of the traditional benefits in terms of healthcare, cars and holidays, are much more hygiene factors. They are what people look for when they are making an assessment about the competitiveness of employment from one organization to another. In other words, employees might come to expect benefits that typically fit into a package and therefore may fail to be motivated after a time. What about your own motivations – do any of these ideas and approaches ring especially true in relation to your own experiences? I can probably relate to Herzbergs theory of motivation the most, factors such as company policy, supervision, interpersonal relations, working conditions, and salary are no longer motivators to me. The absence of these ‘hygiene factors’ may sometimes create job dissatisfaction, but their presence does not motivate me. In contrast, the motivators that are particularly strong determiners of job satisfaction for me are: achievement, recognition and the work itself. I need any new project to be a sufficient challenge to keep me motivated.

Ad Bank Semiotic Analysis: Cosmopolitan and Maxim Magazines Essay

Ad Bank Semiotic Analysis: Cosmopolitan and Maxim Magazines In our house, we have a girls' bathroom and a boys' bathroom. When entering into the women's private sphere of the bathroom, one cannot help but notice the mountain of women's magazines on top of the toilet. Similarly, the men's bathroom has its share of men's magazines stacked in their domain of masculinity. This essay will take a look at the advertisements in these infamous periodicals, to attempt to gain a better understanding of their message(s), and their appeal. Interestingly enough, both the men's and women's magazines tend to represent women in the same fashion. Cosmopolitan is the first thing I see when entering our bathroom. Month after month, the pile of magazines grows into a fine Cosmo collection. The covers are adorned with bright feminine colours and beautiful women -- the first thing to attract potential readers. Each issue has new faces and bodies, yet they all look familiar: how many more sex and make-up tips could they possibly have? The covers of the magazines themselves tell us what they are all about. By placing the two examples of Cosmopolitan covers side-by-side, there are many similarities that can be seen. They are relaying the same message. What is the message? Both have the stereotypical model on the cover of the magazines. They are blonde, blue-eyed, and are much slimmer than the average woman by far. The two are posing in similar ways, showing their midriffs and cleavage. Neither of them are really smiling, but look like they are ready to do something 'fun' and 'fearless.' Which explains the magazine's slogan: "Fun Fear less Female." The slogan is also addressing the kind of women who would read this kind of magazine. Career women in ... ...te as being 'normal' and 'good.' Unfortunately, the images of these women also bombard the pages of men's magazines as well. It is what they want to see. In reality, beyond the Cosmo and the Maxim, women like to talk about women, and men like to talk about women. The advertisements cater to their interests, but they essentially have the same idea. Women are commodified objects of sexuality which gives them power over the men, but men have the ultimate control because the women are using their sexuality to gain acceptance by men. Then both women and men come to value women according to their superficial good looks. This gets repeated again and again in advertisements. Our traditional male-dominated culture has been hegemonically maintained by objectifying women's bodies, especially in advertisements. Sources Cited: http://www.film.queensu.ca/Critical/Bai.html Ad Bank Semiotic Analysis: Cosmopolitan and Maxim Magazines Essay Ad Bank Semiotic Analysis: Cosmopolitan and Maxim Magazines In our house, we have a girls' bathroom and a boys' bathroom. When entering into the women's private sphere of the bathroom, one cannot help but notice the mountain of women's magazines on top of the toilet. Similarly, the men's bathroom has its share of men's magazines stacked in their domain of masculinity. This essay will take a look at the advertisements in these infamous periodicals, to attempt to gain a better understanding of their message(s), and their appeal. Interestingly enough, both the men's and women's magazines tend to represent women in the same fashion. Cosmopolitan is the first thing I see when entering our bathroom. Month after month, the pile of magazines grows into a fine Cosmo collection. The covers are adorned with bright feminine colours and beautiful women -- the first thing to attract potential readers. Each issue has new faces and bodies, yet they all look familiar: how many more sex and make-up tips could they possibly have? The covers of the magazines themselves tell us what they are all about. By placing the two examples of Cosmopolitan covers side-by-side, there are many similarities that can be seen. They are relaying the same message. What is the message? Both have the stereotypical model on the cover of the magazines. They are blonde, blue-eyed, and are much slimmer than the average woman by far. The two are posing in similar ways, showing their midriffs and cleavage. Neither of them are really smiling, but look like they are ready to do something 'fun' and 'fearless.' Which explains the magazine's slogan: "Fun Fear less Female." The slogan is also addressing the kind of women who would read this kind of magazine. Career women in ... ...te as being 'normal' and 'good.' Unfortunately, the images of these women also bombard the pages of men's magazines as well. It is what they want to see. In reality, beyond the Cosmo and the Maxim, women like to talk about women, and men like to talk about women. The advertisements cater to their interests, but they essentially have the same idea. Women are commodified objects of sexuality which gives them power over the men, but men have the ultimate control because the women are using their sexuality to gain acceptance by men. Then both women and men come to value women according to their superficial good looks. This gets repeated again and again in advertisements. Our traditional male-dominated culture has been hegemonically maintained by objectifying women's bodies, especially in advertisements. Sources Cited: http://www.film.queensu.ca/Critical/Bai.html

Fred and Rose West

Fredrick Walter Stephen West and his wife, Rosemary (Rose) Letts, are well known throughout Europe and most parts of the world as two of the most gruesome and sadistic serial killers of the century. Though it is not clear how many people they had murdered, as well as their motive to do so, the evidence presented from the twelve discovered murders are sure to send a chill up your spine. Fred West was born September 29, 1941. He was the second of six children to be born into a family of poor farmers. West claimed that his father had incestuous relationships with his daughters, one of the many peculiar norms in this household along with bestiality. West’s mother, Daisy, also sexually abused him at the young age of twelve. Taking into consideration the start and upbringing of Fred West, you can take an understanding to why he met the fate that he did. At the age of fifteen, West left school; though he did not excel academically, he showed a great amount of interest for woodwork and artwork. In the year of 1956, West returned to what he knew and began to work on a farm. A few years after, he suffered from a fractured skull, along with other injuries, and was in a coma for eighty days; his family reported that after the accident he became prone to sudden fits of rage. At the age of 20, he was arrested for molesting a thirteen-year-old girl and although he evaded serving time for his crime, his family quickly disowned him after. In September 1962, twenty-one year old West rekindled his love with an old girlfriend named Catherine Costello, who at that time was better known as Rena from her time working as a prostitute. Even though Rena was already pregnant with another man’s baby, she and West married on November 17. During this time, West began working as an ice cream truck driver, and on November 4, 1965, he killed a four-year-old boy by hitting him with his van. Fearful of his safety, he and his wife Rena moved with their two kids and nanny, Isa McNeil. Eventually, Rena and Isa fled to Scotland to escape West and his sadistic sexual cravings. She left her children behind. During this period, West began to see another woman who soon after became pregnant. Around her eighth month of pregnancy, his second girlfriend disappeared and her remains were not found until June 1994; she disappeared in August of 1967. While still married to Rena, the then twenty seven year old West met his next wife Rosemary Letts on November 29, 1968, the day of her fifteenth birthday. Soon after she turned sixteen, she and west moved in together. On October 17, 1970, she gave birth to their first daughter Heather Anne. Soon after, Fred West was imprisoned for theft; it is believed that during this time Rosemary killed Charmaine, Fred’s stepdaughter from his first marriage. On January 29, 1972, Fred and Rose West married and on June 1 of that year, Rose gave birth to their second daughter Mae. During this time West encouraged his wife to work as a prostitute. Rose eventually had seven kids, three of which were of mixed race. For obvious reasons, the family moved into a more spacious house on 25 Cromwell Street. West turned the top floor into bedrooms and the first into â€Å"Rose’s room†, which was used for prostitution. This room had peepholes in it so West would be able to watch his wife performing with other men and on the outside of the door, there was a red light. This would let the children know that Rose was busy and that nobody should bother her. Like West, Rose came from a similar background where incest was allowed. In fact, Bill Letts, Rose’s father, would often visit their home to have sex with Rose, of course with the consent of her husband. In October 1972, they hired seventeen-year-old Caroline Roberts as the children’s nanny. On December 6, 1972, the West has invited her to their home, where they both raped her. Fred let her go only after she promised to be their nanny. In early 1973, the West’s took eight-year-old Anne Marie, Fred’s daughter from his first marriage, down to the cellar where they bound and gagged her before West raped her, and Rose watched. In 1979, Anne Marie became pregnant with her father’s baby, but the pregnancy was terminated. Unable to deal with her father’s abuse, she left home. Shortly after West, began abusing Heather who disappeared a few years later. West felt that his daughter needed to be â€Å"broken† into the life of prostitution and whom better he felt to do this job then himself. In May 1992, West filmed himself raping one of his daughter multiple times. From there the investigation escalated although the rape case fell because of the two core witnesses backing out. The remaining children were placed in foster care. During this time, various social workers interviewed the children. The disappearance of their daughter Heather became known during this process, but to her siblings her death was known merely as a joke her parents used to explain her disappearance. In reality, she suffered a brutal death by the hand of her own father, who not only strangled her, but also dismembered her body and buried her in the back yard. The following the arrest of Fredrick West police uncovered human bones in his backyard not only those of his daughter. He immediately confessed to what he had done though it took time for him to stick to his story he could no longer hide from the pain he had inflicted on others. During the tour West gave the cops of the cellar and all the other rooms where he committed these heinous crimes, he said that the spirits of the dead were calling to him and telling him they were better off not being found, he regretted his confession. Out of the twelve murdered souls only nine bodies were found in the house, including one in the bathroom, five in the cellar, and three in the garden; one of those was the body of their daughter Heather. West states that the murder of his daughter was simply â€Å"enjoyment turned to disaster†. He kept the secret of killing his daughter for eight years, not even Rose knew of this dark secret. Between 1967-1987 Fredrick West and his wife tortured, raped, and killed at least twelve young women and girls, mostly in their own home. Fred West was found guilty for 11 murders and Rose of 10, following the trial another body was found which increased Fred’s total count to 12. On January 1, 1995, Fred West was found dead in his cell; he committed suicide by hanging himself, he was cremated and only three people attended his funeral. Rosemary Letts, unlike her husband, never confessed. She was tried and found guilty of all 10 murders and was sentenced to life without parole. In October 1996, the West’s house which is now better known as the house of horrors, was demolished along with its adjoining properties and made into a pathway. Reference http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/1/newsid_2460000/2460563.stm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_West

How To Stop Violence In Schools Essay

We all know there is violence in schools. Like in the past a couple of years there has been many shootings in school and I wonder how we could stop that. We could have a police officer on campus at all times. We could also have a group of students be a crime watch team. But the most important is to have kids be in a non-violent environment at home. If schools would have a police officer there, it would stop most violence because he knows all of the laws. When anything suspicious happened, he could investigate the situation. If he found resulting in violence, he could give the person punishment, so the situation doesn’t result in violence. Schools with crime watch teams would probably have a lower violence rate because there would be more people trying to stop violence. The school could have some of the students that get good grades and have them look for violence in schools. The most important way to avoid violence in schools isn’t even something at school. The students need to have a non-violent environment at home. They need parents that show positive attitudes because everyone learns from their environment and if its good there more likely to do good things. If it’s bad they’ll probably do bad and violent things. Well now you know some ways violence could be stopped in schools. So spread the information because we don’t want any innocent students getting hurt or even dying.

India and Rampant Piracy Essay Example

India and Rampant Piracy Essay Example India and Rampant Piracy Essay India and Rampant Piracy Essay â€Å"PIRACY AND FILM INDUSTRY IN INDIA† (With special reference to Tollywood) A presentation submitted in partial fulfillment of the Masters Degree (M. Sc) in Visual communication By GUNNA KARTHIK DEPARTMENT OF VISUAL COMMUNICATION ANDHRA LOYOLA COLLEGE Vijayawada (2010-2011) CONTENTS Research Topic Introduction Review of Literature Research Hypothesis Research Objectives Research Questions Research Methodology Scope of the Study Tentative chapterisation Reference and Bibliography RESEARCH TOPIC: â€Å"PIRACY AND FILM INDUSTRY IN INDIA† (With special reference to Tollywood) INTRODUCTION Indian film industry film piracy The Rs 3,000-crore Hindi film industry loses nearly Rs 1,000 crore annually to piracy. Tollywood Making an Important Ingredient in the Bollywood Industry In India, this is the largest revenue generating industry. Piracy cost Bollywood Nearly 1. 8 million jobs and contributed $6. 2 billion to the Indian economy in 2008. The Industry Today Currently, T ollywood produces around 150 films annually, with approximately three films produced per week. There are also several TV channels dedicated solely for the showing of Telugu movies. pic] Types of Movie Theft 1. CAMCORDER THEFT 2. PEER-TO-PEER (P2P) THEFT 3. STREAMING THEFT 4. OPTICAL DISC THEFT 5. THEATRICAL PRINT THEFT 6. SCREENER THEFT 7. SIGNAL THEFT 8. BROADCAST THEFT 9. ILLEGAL PUBLIC PERFORMANCE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Release of movie DVDs into market parallels to theatrical release will reduce the extent of piracy in India. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Indian producers lose heavy some due to piracy. The producers of the three films have suffered a loss of Rs. 10 crore each due to the pirated VCDs of the films making their way into the market the ery next day. Bollywood Piracy: Fighting Technology with Technology. We are all aware of the rampant piracy affecting Bollywood but the scene of crime seems to have shifted to cyberspace in the recent past. Tollywood unhappy. Keshav Reddy, coordi nator of the anti-video piracy cell of Tollywood, asked the Tamil Nadu government to crack down on 400 video shops in Burma Bazaar of Chennai which are pirating Telugu movies even before their release as the piracy is causing a loss of Rs 50 crore to the Telugu film industry annually. Moreover, India is one of the largest users of cyber lockers in the world. ? On average, 8. 2% of visitors to the top ten cyber lockers worldwide are located in India and the country makes up 11. 8% of visitors to the top ten cyber locker link sites. ? Hindi films are the most widely available domestic Indian content with most down loaders in Delhi, Bengaluru and Mumbai. ? The recent film â€Å"Kaminey† is estimated to have been downloaded just over 350,000 times on Bit Torrent with around two? thirds of those down loaders located in India. Telugu films are mostly downloaded in Hyderabad and Bengaluru. ? Over 88% of down loaders of four Telugu films on Bit Torrent were located in India. CASE STU DY Dabangg: Record Breaking Piracy Within 15 hours of its release in India, over 50 websites were showing the entire movie of Dabangg. In 24 hours the numbers were over 200. When we did our view and download count at the end of Sunday, 72 hours after the movie had released, we were taken aback by the final tally after crunching the numbers – over 150,000 downloads in high-conservative assessment. In terms of dollar value at a 10 dollars ticket price, it is 1. 5 million dollars (US) in the first 72 hours that has been lost. In Indian Rupees it comes to approximately – 6. 8 Crores, an amount that could easily finance a couple of movies. It becomes the largest value of piracy in the first three days of a Hindi movie’s release, as per our knowledge and records. Movies Compression and Conversion Invention of video compression formats; it is possible to fit an entire movie on CD, with near TV quality. In years past, downloading a movie that is 1300 MB in size over a 28. modem would have taken many days or even weeks. But with the introduction of high speed internet technology into the home, such as DSL and Cable Modems, and with the possibility to compress a movie down to 300 MB or less, it only takes minutes or hours to download a full movie. There are 4 common video compression techniques: Divx Real Video Asf Mpeg Tollywood Fights Back Yalamanchili Ravi Chands hunge r strike against piracy. Film piracy continues unabated That film piracy is thriving in Andhra Pradesh is no secret. And, it will continue to flourish despite police raiding video parlours so many times and seizing thousands of pirated film CDs. Chiranjeevi requests Goonda Act against Film Piracy in AP He spoke in assembly about this and said â€Å"A producer who spends 25 crores on his movie will have his heart broken when he sees his movie in a 3-in-1 DVD for Rs. 25 on street. There are no strict rules against piracy in AP and we should implement something like Goonda act in Tamil Nadu which controls piracy strictly†. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES To study the extent of piracy of films in India To study the impacts of piracy of films on film industry in India To study the behaviour of audience who use piracy films To study the influential factors behind the piracy of films in India RESEARCH QUESTIONS SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study will be in unique in nature as very study has been done so far. As film has become part and partial of human life, a through research is required pertaining to the ind ustry. The current research will try to assess the extent of piracy and its suggestive solutions. The researcher will try to focus the practice of piracy relating to Tollywood industry. The research is carried in the limited geography (i. e. ) Vijayawada and association of the findings to India is susceptible. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TENTATIVE CHAPTERISATION Chapter I: Introduction Chapter II: Review of literature Chapter III: Understanding Piracy and Films in India Chapter IV: Critical Analysis of Piracy in India -Reference to Tollywood industry Chapter V: Findings Solutions Recommendations Chapter VI: Reference and Bibliography REFERENCE and BIBILOGRAPHY – A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE Nilesh Zacharias Ashni Parekh THANK YOU G. KARTHIK NMVC-20

Social Media Image Sizes The Best Guide Every Marketer Needs

Social Media Image Sizes The Best Guide Every Marketer Needs Social media image sizes change from time to time. If you’re not constantly paying attention, you might inadvertently ask a designer to create an image that doesn’t use proper dimensions. That leads to posts that look, well, weird. Plus, with multiple post and content formats on several different networks, keeping tracking of everything in your head can quickly become impossible. Fear weird posts no more. With this complete and updated bookmarkable resource, you can easily find the best dimensions for every post and visual element you need on each major social channel. In addition, this post will also explore: The best tools for creating social media visual content. Even if you don’t have access to a designer, you can still create great graphics. Max file sizes for video content. Along with static images, video is only getting more important on social media. Examples of what different types of social posts and images look like. Don’t worry if there are any profile elements or post image types you haven’t heard of. You’re about to be an expert. Tip: Did you know is the best all-in-one marketing management platform for social media and all other projects and campaigns? See what it can do for your social media marketing. The Best Social Media Image Sizes Guide For Marketers via @Download 100+ Free Images You Can Use on Social Media You’re busy, stock photography is expensive, and you want high-quality social media images. Here’s 100+ royalty-free photos and images you can use to create your own posts (along with a free Photoshop CC action to make resizing them easy). Plus, an included social media calendar template will make it easy to plan every post before you publish.Table of Contents: Facebook Image Sizes Twitter Image Sizes Instagram Image Sizes LinkedIn Image Sizes Pinterest Image Sizes Google+ Image Sizes Tumblr Image Sizes YouTube Image Sizes TL;DR: The Complete List of Social Media Image Sizes Just looking for some quick answers? No worries. Here’s the full list of dimensions this post will cover (all dimensions listed by pixels): Facebook Profile Photo: 180 x 180 Profile Photo Thumbnail (Across Facebook): 32 x 32 Cover Photo: 820 x 312 Newsfeed Post: 1,200 x 630 Milestone: 1,200 x 717 Shared Link: 1,200 x 627 Shared Images: 1,200 x 630 Highlighted Images: 1,200 x 717 Event Image: 1920 x 1080 Instagram Profile Image: 110 x 110 Page Thumbnails: 161 x 161 Image Posts: 1080 x 1080 Stories: 1080 x 1920 Pinterest Profile Image: 165 x 165 Pins: 236 px. Expanded Pins: 600 px. Board Display: 222 x 150 Twitter Profile Image: 400 x 400 Twitter Header Image: 1,500 x 500 (3,000 x 1,000 may display better) Background Image: 1,920 x 1,200 In-stream Tweet Photo: 440 x 220 (minimum) GIFs: 1280 x 1080 (recommended) LinkedIn Company Logo: 300 x 300 Cover Image: 1536 x 768 Overview Tab: 1536 x 768 Hero Image: 1128 x 376 Custom Modules: 502 x 282 Company Photos: 900 x 600 Google+ Profile Image: 250x250 Cover: 1,080x608 Maximum Image Size: 2120x1192 Tumblr Profile Image: 128x128 Posts: 500x700 Image Size Limit: 1280x1920Here's the entire list of the most important social media image sizes every marketer needs to know:The Full List of Supported Image File Types and Sizes (By Network) In addition to understanding the best dimensions for social media images pixel-wise, it’s also important to know which file types are supported, and how large they can be. Follow this easy chart: Facebook Supported Image File Types: JPG, PNG, and GIF. Maximum Dimensions: 2048 by 2048 pixels. File Sizes: Less than 100 KB is recommended for cover photos. No apparent limit on news feed posts. Instagram Supported Image File Types: JPG, PNG. Maximum Dimensions: 2048 by 2048 pixels. Twitter Supported Image File Types: JPG, PNG, GIF, WEBP. File Sizes: 5 MB or less for static images. 15 MB or less for GIFs. Number of Frames (GIF): 350 or less. Pinterest Supported Image File Types: JPG, PNG, GIF. File Size: No apparent limit. LinkedIn Supported File Types for SlideShare: PDF, ODP, PPT, DOC, RTF, ODT, TXT. SlideShare File Size Limit: 300MB. Supported Image File Types on LinkedIn: JPG, PNG, GIF (static). Image File Size Limit for Pulse Articles: 10MB. Logo: 4MB. Banner / Hero Image: 2MB. Google Plus Supported Image File Types: JPG, PNG, GIF. Tumblr Supported Image File Types: JPG, PNG, GIF. Must be RGB (not CMYK). Static Image File Limit: 20MB for static images. GIF File Limit: 3MB. YouTube Channel Profile Images: JPG, PNG, BMP, GIF.Curious which file types are supported on each social network? Bookmark this post:The Complete Visual Guide to Social Media Image Sizes Here are all the most important sizes and dimensions you need to know, presented in one infographic: Why Does Any of This Matter? That’s a fair question that can be answered in two parts: Using sub-optimal image sizes looks bad. You put too much work into social media marketing to get sloppy. Not knowing acceptable file types and sizes can lead to frustration. Not to mention time wasted trying to get files down to size. Time saved equals greater opportunity for more productivity. Facebook Image Sizes Facebook has been embattled in a number of recent controversies. It has also been getting harder to generate organic reach on the platform over the past few years. But, with 2.19 billion active users, it’d be foolhardy for any company to ignore it. Make sure you’re representing your brand well by following these image guidelines. Here are the ideal image dimensions for Facebook via @Profile Photo Dimensions: 180 by 180 Pixels In most cases, the best option for a business page profile photo is your logo. If you’re a solo consultant, you might also consider a headshot. But, like we said, logos are always a good idea. Facebook Cover Photo Size: 820 by 312 Pixels Your cover photo offers lots of visual real estate to communicate what your brand is all about. For example, the cover image clearly displays the company’s mission: Rather than a static image, you might opt for a cover video, like this example from Red Bull: Posted by Red Bull on Thursday, May 3, 2018 Shared Images: 1,200 by 630 Pixels (Appears 470 Pixels Wide) When an image is shared, it appears in the user’s followers news feeds. It’s recommended that they be uploaded at 1,200x630 px, although they’ll appear smaller in news feeds. This is likely to ensure they look sharp and maintain quality resolution. The height of these images may vary. Milestone Images: 1,200 x 717 Pixels Milestones are an effective yet underappreciated aspect of Facebook business pages. For brands with rich history, they’re a great way to show off how far your company has come, and what you’ve accomplished. Here's an example from Ford Motor Company: Event Images: 1920 by 1080 Pixels Facebook events remain powerful for attracting audiences. While they appear smaller in news feeds and on actual event pages, they expand considerably when clicked (where captions can also provide more context). Here’s an example: Instagram Image Sizes Instagram is all about strong visual content. And, as of September 2017, it had 800 million active users. That’s a potentially enormous audience that might see your posts. So, make sure every post looks its best by following these image guidelines. Here are the ideal image dimensions for all things Instagram via @Profile Photo: 110 by 110 Pixels Again, similar to Facebook, it’s recommended to use your logo. No need to get too creative here. What could be more iconic than this example from Nike? Profile Thumbnails: 161 by 161 Pixels These are thumbnails for each post that appear on profiles. For context, here’s what these look like on Red Bull’s Instagram page: In-Feed Photos: 1080 by 1080 Pixels So, what about actual Instagram posts? They appear as 1080 by 1080 squares. Here’s an example from Mod Cloth: Summer of rainbows ðŸÅ'ˆ // Find our Come Colorfully Denim Shorts via link in bio â  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬ â  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬Ã¢  â‚¬ #modcloth #ootd #springstyle #rainbow #rainbowlove #rainbowlife #springfashion #thatsdarling #flashesofdelight A post shared by ModCloth (@modcloth) on May 16, 2018 at 9:12am PDT Instagram Stories: 1920 x 1080 Instagram Stories appear taller than standard posts. Here’s an example from Vans: Twitter Image Sizes By the end of the first quarter of 2018, Twitter had 318 million monthly active users. That may not be as many as Facebook or Instagram, but it’s nothing to overlook, either. Here’s how to help make sure your Twitter presence looks its best. Curious which image dimensions are best for all things Twitter? Get the 411 here from @Twitter Profile Photos: 400 by 400 Pixels You probably know what’s coming next: for brands, logos are the way to go. Some exceptions might be logos for specific campaigns or events you’re promoting. Here’s a simple example from Casper, a brand that’s mastered their Twitter copy (seriously, check them out if you haven’t before): Ideal Twitter Header Size: 1,500 by 500 Pixels Twitter headers are particularly wide. Striking photography and branding are key to make yours stand out, rather than be overlooked. They also offer plenty of room to promote new features or products. Here’s an example from Stitcher: In-feed Post Images: 440 by 220 Pixels (Minimum), So, once your tweets are out in the open, what’s the best image size? As long as they’re 440 by 220 pixels, they should look okay (larger photos will scale down). LinkedIn Image Sizes For professionals, LinkedIn is an invaluable networking and development tool. While it’s sometimes overlooked, it reached 500 million users in April 2017. That’s certainly nothing to sneeze at, and here’s how to make sure you’re making the best impression possible. What are the best image sizes for everything on LinkedIn? Get the answers from @hereCompany Logo: 300 by 300 Pixels No surprise here. Getting your logo out there is important, and it’s what people expect to see. Cover Image: 1,536 by 768 Pixels Similar to Twitter, cover images on LinkedIn fit the full width of the screen. However, they may be partially obscured by ads: Overview Tab: 320 by 120 Pixels Here’s where you’ll find the Overview tab on company pages: Life Tab Hero Image: 1,128 by 376 Pixels This appears on a tab on the right side of your company page: Here’s how it appears when clicked: Career Page Custom Modules: 502 by 282 Pixels Custom modules allow brands to add more copy and images to their company page. Here’s what those look like: Pinterest Image Sizes Pinterest isn’t just for sharing photos of dream projects and hobby ideas. With 200 million monthly active users, there’s a large audience out there for companies to reach. Plus, since its often used as a platform for gathering ideas for projects and interests, there’s opportunity to directly sell those products to customers that are actively in a research and shopping mindset. What size should images be on Pinterest? Get the answers from @herePinterest Profile Photo Size: 165 x 165 Pixels Logo it up! Board Covers: 222x150 Pixels These are images that appear when visitors scroll through your boards. Rather than leaving them to default options, you can actually specify a board cover that conveys what that board is all about. In this example, the board on the right doesn’t use a board cover, and looks a bit cluttered. The one on the right does use one (the larger left-aligned guitar image), though, which helps create a cleaner, more uniform appearance across your boards. Main Page Pins: 236 Pixels Standard pins will appear at 236 pixels. That isn’t too big, so make sure your Pins are clear enough that people will still be able to recognize what they are at that size: However, according to Canva, the optimal upload size is 735 by 1,102 pixels (with the understanding they’ll be scaled down on your board). Expanded Pins: 600 Pixels (Minimum) When a Pin is clicked to expand, it will appear at a minimum of 600 pixels wide: Google+ Image Sizes Google+ is considered by many to be a social media ghost town. However, there are some organizations who still get use from the platform, particularly those who uses its Communities. If you’re still getting results from Google’s social platform, make the most of your visuals. What are the ideal image sizes for Google+? Find out via @hereGoogle+ Profile Picture: 250 by 250 Pixels And, once again, it’s a good idea to make this your logo for branding and recognition purposes. Google+ Cover Photo: 1,080 by 608 Pixels Those may sound like oddly specific dimensions, but if Google+ has something going for it here, it’s that the cover photo offers a lot of space to show off some creativity. Tumblr Image Sizes Tumblr is a social blogging and image sharing site that’s tough to pin down. Since there are tons of different themes available, content might display differently depending on your account is configured. While somewhat overlooked by brands, it has 794 million active users per month, placing it just slightly behind Instagram. Tumblr Profile Photo: 128 by 128 Pixels (Minimum) Your logo is once again a solid choice here, but keep in mind that beyond your home page, there aren’t many places on Tumblr where it will appear. Here’s a simple example from Denny’s: Image Posts: 500 by 750 Pixels This is the width image posts will appear in user’s dashboards. YouTube Image Sizes YouTube is, of course, a video platform. But, profiles do need some static images, too.